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KEY WORDS:
1,2,3 - D images of the table D.I. Mendeleev, electron shell, nuclear charge, Schrödinger equation, energy of sublevels, chameleon elements, wave function, Pauli, Hund, Klechkovsky rules, generalized principal quantum number, orbital quantum number, relativistic effects, superheavy elements
ABSTRACT
The paper considers some regularities in the filling of the electron shells of atoms, which previously remained unnoticed in the scientific and technical literature. For the first time, attention is drawn to the concept of "interval of periodicity". It is shown that related (of the same type) elements are repeated after a strictly defined number of periods. It is noted that each new sublevel appears in the previous one and determines the basic properties of atoms in the next two periods. The study of relativistic effects shows that the 5g sublevel appears first in the 7th period, and determines the properties of atoms in the 8th and 9th periods. Similarly, the 4f sublevel appears in the 5th period, and determines the properties of the elements in the 6th and 7th periods. For the first time, the filling of electron shells can proceed simultaneously with the population of two or more sublevels. This allows you to predict the appearance of elements - "chameleons". In this regard, for the first time in the study of the structure of the atom, it becomes necessary to take into account the time the electron spends in one state or another, at one or another sublevel. According to Feigenbaum's ideas, the existence of "non-electronic" types of atoms, consisting of nuclei of three particles, is predicted.FOR CITATION: Sarkisov Yu.S. Some features of the filling of electron shells of atoms from hydrogen to superheavy elements // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021.Vol. 28. No4. Pp 140 – 144 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
hydrated cement, nano additives, cement phase C-S-H, Raman spectroscopy, composition of silicon-oxygen anions.
FOR CITATION: Ovcharenko G. I. Viktorov A.V. Influence of nano additives on the composition of C-S-H phase anions in hydrated portland cement // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 145 – 152 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
lithification, C ̶ S ̶ H system, aqua-complex, binding properties of cement, concrete, composites
ABSTRACT
The geological process of lithification is a natural model of physical and chemical processes of hardening occurring in the system C ̶ S ̶ H. This natural process takes millions of years. In construction technologies cement is used to accelerate it. It is artificially obtained compounds of Ca with Si (C ̶ S system), as the main carrier of binding properties. The article compares the processes of physical and chemical binding of water with a mineral substance, both in building materials science and in geology, from the standpoint of the formation of an aqua complex. It is shown that the aqua complex [2SiO3 ̶ H2O − Mn+2Mm+O`4], established as a result of studying the reactions of natural mineral formation, is a solution to the problem of binding mineral ingredients and water in the technological system. The article discusses the binding properties of cement from the point of view of the aqua-complex concept, which explains the nature of concrete and can serve as a theoretical basis for the development of composite materials based on it. The concept of the aqua-complex as a solution to the problem of binding water with mineral matter makes it possible to use the geological process of lithification as an innovative basis for the development of building materials science in the development of new building materials with desired properties and at the same time reducing the energy and resource intensity of their production technologies.
FOR CITATION: Stenina N.G. Nature-like technologies in construction material science // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 153 – 158 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
structure formation, cement systems, nanomodification, nanosized additives, long-term hardening, long-term strength
ABSTRACT
The effect of a complex nanosized additive based on nanosized silica SiO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on structure formation and strength increase of cement systems during long-term hardening has been studied. Data on the kinetics of hydration have been obtained. The phase composition and morphological features of the emerging hydrated neoplasms have been established, as well as the strength characteristics of the nanomodified cement stone that has hardened for 28 days, 1 year, 3 and 5 years. It has been established that throughout the entire time of hardening, nanomodified cement systems are characterized by high levels of hydration and a significant increase in strength compared to the reference cement-water system. At the same time, the best indicators of the degree of hydration and compressive strength were obtained for a cement system modified with a nanosized additive based on nanosized silica. After 5 years of hardening in this system, the value of the degree of hydration is 95%, and the compressive strength is 132 MPa.FOR CITATION: Artamonova O.V., Shvedova M.A. Effects of nanosized additives on structure formation and strength characteristics of cement stone with long hardening // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 159 – 164 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
activation, phase composition, nanomodification, hydration
ABSTRACT
In modern building materials science, an urgent task is to find new ways to reduce energy costs in the production of building materials. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of carbon nanotubes of various structures on the phase composition of cement stone obtained by the traditional method and activation in the vortex layer apparatus using IR spectroscopy. The analysis of the obtained spectrograms showed that the modification of cement stone with carbon nanotubes obtained from Portland cement activated in the vortex layer apparatus leads to an increase in the amount of the silicate phase of Portland cement (by 12-39%). This is confirmed by the decrease in the amount of portlandite in these compositions by 8% compared with the control composition. In addition, modification with carbon nanotubes leads to a decrease in the content of the calcium hydrosulfoaluminate group by 21–23% in cement stone compositions obtained without activation.FOR CITATION: Ibragimov, R.A. Study of the influence of nanomodification on the phase composition of cement stone by ir spectroscopy // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 165 – 168 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
injectable mixtures based on colloidal silica for stabilization of quicksand
ABSTRACT
The problem associated with ensuring the accident-free construction of underground structures in the conditions of quicksand is of high relevance and practical significance. The authors have developed and mastered the technology of stabilization and hardening of floating soils using injection mixtures based on colloidal silica. This article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of various activators and technological factors on the development of aggregation processes of injection mixtures based on colloidal silica. The results of studies on the stabilization and strengthening of water-saturated soils of various types are also presented. The most effective activator of the structure formation of an injection mixture based on colloidal silica is a solution of oxalic acid. When the intensity of mixing of the components is 1000 rpm, the terms of aggregation of the injection mixture can vary in the range from 5 to 200 minutes, depending on the duration of mixing. It has been established that injection mixtures based on colloidal silica can be effectively used in stabilizing the structure and hardening of quicksand type soils, as an alternative to their artificial freezing, which is currently the main method of their stabilization.FOR CITATION: Israfilov K.A., Kharchenko I.Ya., Kharchenko A.I., Kharin Y.I. Injectable mixtures based on colloidal silica for the stabilization of quicksand // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 169 – 173 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
clinker, composite Portland cement, mineral additives, hardening, corrosion resistance strength, sulphate-resistant
ABSTRACT
The use of various mineral additives opens up great prospects for obtaining Portland cements with the necessary special properties. Prudence in mastering the production of composite Portland cements is explained by insufficient knowledge of the joint effect of simultaneously introduced mineral additives on the properties of the resulting finished product. This is especially true for the use of carbonate additives. The article presents data on the effect of complex ash-carbonate additives on the properties of composite Portland cements. The performed studies allow us to note that Portland cements with a complex ash-dolomite additive meet the requirements of the state standard. The introduction of a complex ash-dolomite additive makes it possible to increase the carbonization resistance and sulfate resistance of cement stone.
FOR CITATION: Kozlova V.K., Sarkisov Yu.S., Kishitsky A.A., Bozhok E.V., Manokha A.M. Properties of composite portland cements based on complex ash carbonate additives // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 174 – 178 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
binders of alkaline activation, non-autoclaved cellular concrete, slag-silicate foam concrete, heat and moisture treatment, granulometric composition
ABSTRACT
Increasing demands on the physical and mechanical properties of building materials give impulse to the creation and improvement of new high-performance building materials, which include slag-silicate porozed arbolith. The object of study of this work are arbolite materials obtained using modified slag-silicate binders. The subject of the research is the development of composite slag-silicate porozed arbolith, and also study of its physical and mechanical characteristics, made of materials with optimal quality parameters. At the first stage of the work, studies were carried out to determine the granulometric composition of the slag. It has been established that blast-furnace granulated slag with a content of 85% or more of the amorphous phase and a fineness of 450–500 m2/kg consists mainly (85.03%) of fine particles with sizes from 2 µm to 45.022 µm. The properties (normal density and setting time) of a slag-silicate binder made on the basis of blast-furnace granulated slag and sodium liquid glass with a density of 1.31 g/cm3 were also studied. In addition, the brand of slag-silicate binder in terms of strength was determined. At the second stage of the work, the composition of the slag-silicate porozed arbolith was selected by the method of mathematical planning of the experiment. As a result, a building composite was obtained with an average density of D600 and a strength of at least 1.9 MPa. At the third stage of the work, an assessment was made of the effect of heat and moisture treatment on the strength of the obtained slag-silicate porozed arbolite. The optimal modes of heat and moisture treatment for this type of concrete were established. The dependence of the strength of the composite on those parameters has been constructed and analyzed.FOR CITATION: Velichko E.G., Dvornikov R.M. Highly efficient porozed arbolith based on slag silicate bindings // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 179 – 189 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
super absorbent polymers, polymers, concrete, strength, water demand
ABSTRACT
FOR CITATION: Sharafutdinov K.B., Kashevarova G.G., Saraykina K.A. Efficiency of use of super absorbent polymer in concrete // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 190 – 194 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
digital colorimetry, mineral additives, pigments, Portland cement, colored cement
ABSTRACT
It is proposed to control the color of cements using digital colorimetry using smartphones. The colorimetric characteristics of ordinary and white Portland cement, as well as double and triple systems of Portland cement with mineral additives, white cement with pigments of both mineral and organic origin were considered. The proportion of mineral additives in mixtures varied from 0 to 30%, pigments 0-15%, organic pigments up to 3%. The RGB color system was used to measure the color parameters. Color was evaluated using Huawei smartphones, and several software packages compatible with mobile devices were tested for digital image processing. Powdered BaSO4 was used as a reference sample (whiteness standard). It is shown that the control of the color of cements is quite effective and can be used for the rapid detection in cements of both mineral additives that differ from cement in terms of color parameters, and for determining the content of pigments in colored cements. The calibration equations "color parameter - additive concentration" for the quantitative determination of additives in cement are given.FOR CITATION: Rudakov O.B., Khorokhordin A.M., Rudakov Ya.O., Chernousova O.V. Control of color parameters of cements, containing mineral additives and pigments // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 195 – 200 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
Quartz ceramics, water absorption, impregnation, thermal degradation, organosilicon polymer
ABSTRACT
Quartz ceramics has a number of advantages over other types of ceramic materials. These include high thermal stability, low thermal conductivity, stable dielectric characteristics over a wide temperature range, and others. One of the ways to expand the scope of its application is the introduction of polymers into the pore system of ceramics by impregnation with organoelement oligomers, followed by their curing. This improves the performance properties of ceramics, such as strength and moisture protection. For the impregnation of quartz ceramics, it is possible to use a solution of methylphenylspirosiloxane (MFSS-8 product). The article presents the results of experiments to improve the performance properties of quartz ceramics modified with the MFSS-8 product. The thermal degradation of polymers based on the MFSS-8 product cured under various conditions has been studied. The possibility of modifying quartz ceramics in order to reduce porosity and water absorption to improve performance properties is shown. The optimal mode of polymerization of the product during the modification of quartz ceramics was chosen.FOR CITATION: Mironova E.V., Kharitonov D.V. Improvement of the operating properties of quartz ceramics // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 201 – 208 (rus)
KEY WORDS:
steel fiber reinforced concrete, parameters of dispersed reinforcement, matrix density, thermal changes
ABSTRACT
At present, high requirements for resistance to thermal effects are imposed on steel fiber concretes operating in critical structures under constant thermal exposure. In this regard, the authors of this work carried out comprehensive studies to develop, on the basis of computational and experimental studies, a method for predicting the resistance of steel fiber concrete to thermal effects, with various parameters of dispersed reinforcement. The results of computational studies of the influence of the type and volume content of steel fibers on the density and thermal changes in mass, linear dimensions, bending strength, ultrasound propagation velocity, water impermeability of the cement-sand matrix in the composition of steel fiber concrete after heating at temperatures from 110 °C to 1100 °C are presented. The studies were carried out for steel fiber reinforced concrete with an optimized cement-sand matrix with five types of fibers with their volume content from 0.5% to 6%.FOR CITATION: Denisov A.V., Zaitsev D.V. Influence of dispersed reinforcement parameters on the density and thermal changes of the matrix in the composition of steel fiber concrete // Technique and technology of silicates. 2021. Vol. 28. No4. Pp 209 – 217 (rus)