Technique and technology of silicates
International journal of binders,
ceramics, glass and enamels
ISSN 2076−0655
ceramics, glass and enamels
ISSN 2076−0655
The issue
2020 ТТS №3
Volume 27
Volume 27
Any article from the issue, as well as the entire issue, can be purchased electronically
KEY WORD:
foam glass, foaming, foaming agent, silica rock, carbon, calcite, glycerol.
ABSTRACT:
This article discusses the foaming activity of various types of foaming agents in the synthesis of foam glass. To do this, modern global trends in the field of application of various foaming substances were studied and their main types were identified: carbon (carbon in various forms, organic compounds) and carbonate (carbonates of alkali and alkaline earth metal). The physicochemical processes occurring during the heat treatment of the mixture using these types of foaming agents were considered. Based on the considered trends, the actual foaming substances were selected: calcite (chalk), carbon (anthracite), glycerol. The main raw material selected was the cullet of colorless container glass of the BT-1 brand. The foam glass was synthesized using powder technology; the samples were fired in the temperature range of 800–900 °C with an exposure time of 20 minutes. The obtained results showed that both anthracite and chalk make it possible to obtain a porous structure with a density below 300 kg/m3. An increase in temperature and the amount of foaming agent leads to a decrease in density for both compositions by reducing the viscosity of the glass melt and increasing the pressure of the gases in the pores. The structure of the samples of both compositions is uneven, which indicates the influence of the particle size of the foaming agent on porosity. The differences in the color of the samples based on various foaming agents were explained. In the heat treatment of samples using glycerol, the porous structure is completely absent, and the density of the samples exceeds 1400 kg/m3, which corresponds to densely sintered material. This is due to its fast burnout before the mixture turned into a sintered mass capable of retaining pore-forming gases.
For citation: Gol’tsman B.M. Study of foaming activity of different types of poro-forming agents in foam glass foaming // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 66 – 69.
foam glass, foaming, foaming agent, silica rock, carbon, calcite, glycerol.
ABSTRACT:
This article discusses the foaming activity of various types of foaming agents in the synthesis of foam glass. To do this, modern global trends in the field of application of various foaming substances were studied and their main types were identified: carbon (carbon in various forms, organic compounds) and carbonate (carbonates of alkali and alkaline earth metal). The physicochemical processes occurring during the heat treatment of the mixture using these types of foaming agents were considered. Based on the considered trends, the actual foaming substances were selected: calcite (chalk), carbon (anthracite), glycerol. The main raw material selected was the cullet of colorless container glass of the BT-1 brand. The foam glass was synthesized using powder technology; the samples were fired in the temperature range of 800–900 °C with an exposure time of 20 minutes. The obtained results showed that both anthracite and chalk make it possible to obtain a porous structure with a density below 300 kg/m3. An increase in temperature and the amount of foaming agent leads to a decrease in density for both compositions by reducing the viscosity of the glass melt and increasing the pressure of the gases in the pores. The structure of the samples of both compositions is uneven, which indicates the influence of the particle size of the foaming agent on porosity. The differences in the color of the samples based on various foaming agents were explained. In the heat treatment of samples using glycerol, the porous structure is completely absent, and the density of the samples exceeds 1400 kg/m3, which corresponds to densely sintered material. This is due to its fast burnout before the mixture turned into a sintered mass capable of retaining pore-forming gases.
For citation: Gol’tsman B.M. Study of foaming activity of different types of poro-forming agents in foam glass foaming // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 66 – 69.
KEY WORD:
ash and slag waste, porous aggregate, microstructure, foam glass, properties, slag, fly ash.
ABSTRACT:
For citation: Kosarev A.S., Smoliy V.A. Physico-mechanical properties of porous aggregate produced on ash and slag waste from TPP // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 69 – 74.
ash and slag waste, porous aggregate, microstructure, foam glass, properties, slag, fly ash.
ABSTRACT:
The article presents the results of a research of the properties of experimental samples of granular porous aggregate obtained using cullet and ash and slag waste from thermal power plants (fly ash, slag and ash and slag mixture from dump). Photographs of the macro- and microstructure of experimental samples of granular porous aggregate are presented. The main areas of application of granular porous aggregate in building structures are considered.
For citation: Kosarev A.S., Smoliy V.A. Physico-mechanical properties of porous aggregate produced on ash and slag waste from TPP // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 69 – 74.
KEY WORD:
magnesium aluminate spinel, firming additives, boron oxide, vacuum sintering.
ABSTRACT:
The factors affecting the production of dense ceramics based on magnesium aluminate spinel was considered.The influence of the firming additive on the properties of ceramics based on magnesium aluminate spinel obtained by high-temperature sintering in vacuum was investigated. The spinel precursor was obtained by the method of chemical reverse co-precipitation. Boric anhydride with concentrations of 5.5-7.0 wt. % was used as an additive. The temperature and concentration dependences wich allow to reveal the conditions for obtaining the densest ceramic samples were obtained.
For citation: Senina M.O., Kozlovskaya E.A., Lemeshev D.O. Research of the effect of densifying additive on sintering magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 74 – 77.
magnesium aluminate spinel, firming additives, boron oxide, vacuum sintering.
ABSTRACT:
The factors affecting the production of dense ceramics based on magnesium aluminate spinel was considered.The influence of the firming additive on the properties of ceramics based on magnesium aluminate spinel obtained by high-temperature sintering in vacuum was investigated. The spinel precursor was obtained by the method of chemical reverse co-precipitation. Boric anhydride with concentrations of 5.5-7.0 wt. % was used as an additive. The temperature and concentration dependences wich allow to reveal the conditions for obtaining the densest ceramic samples were obtained.
For citation: Senina M.O., Kozlovskaya E.A., Lemeshev D.O. Research of the effect of densifying additive on sintering magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 74 – 77.
KEY WORD:
Portland cement, hardening theories, induction period, abruptness and sawtooth process, surface phenomena.
ABSTRACT:
The production of concrete and reinforced concrete products with the required properties and operational reliability should be based on an objective theoretical basis. Only by coordinating the technological methods and effects with the kinetics of the conversion of plastic cement mass to stone, the desired result can be achieved. In this regard, the existing domestic and western "theory of hardening" of Portland cement and materials based on it cause serious concern. Confirmation of the existing theoretical uncertainty is the mass of hitherto unexplained (become habitually-chronic) aspects. The physical nature of the induction stage, the nature of the initial discontinuity and late sawtooth of the process, the morphology of the cement stone, the cause of the deterioration of the quality of the contact zone and many others are not clear. others, which makes it doubtful the organization of the "directional" (activated) production of prefabricated and monolithic structures and structures. It can be concluded that the root of the marked uncertainty consists in insufficiently taking into account the electrosurface processes that inevitably take place when the energetically unsaturated solid clinker phase and the highly organized polar liquid medium come into contact.
For citation: Pshenichny G.N. Scientific problems of concrete // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 78 – 82.
Portland cement, hardening theories, induction period, abruptness and sawtooth process, surface phenomena.
ABSTRACT:
The production of concrete and reinforced concrete products with the required properties and operational reliability should be based on an objective theoretical basis. Only by coordinating the technological methods and effects with the kinetics of the conversion of plastic cement mass to stone, the desired result can be achieved. In this regard, the existing domestic and western "theory of hardening" of Portland cement and materials based on it cause serious concern. Confirmation of the existing theoretical uncertainty is the mass of hitherto unexplained (become habitually-chronic) aspects. The physical nature of the induction stage, the nature of the initial discontinuity and late sawtooth of the process, the morphology of the cement stone, the cause of the deterioration of the quality of the contact zone and many others are not clear. others, which makes it doubtful the organization of the "directional" (activated) production of prefabricated and monolithic structures and structures. It can be concluded that the root of the marked uncertainty consists in insufficiently taking into account the electrosurface processes that inevitably take place when the energetically unsaturated solid clinker phase and the highly organized polar liquid medium come into contact.
For citation: Pshenichny G.N. Scientific problems of concrete // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 78 – 82.
KEY WORD:
porcelain, color, lightness, chromaticity, iron oxides, iron-titanium minerals
ABSTRACT:
For citation: Platova R.A., Platov Yu.T. Porcelain color control // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 82 – 85.
porcelain, color, lightness, chromaticity, iron oxides, iron-titanium minerals
ABSTRACT:
Porcelain control by color characteristics is proposed when replacing kaolin from different deposits in the composition, differing in the content and ratio of coloring oxides Fe2O3 and TiO2. The value of the WI whiteness indices and the TW shade indices, in contrast to the requirements for porcelain products according to the norms of the domestic standard, are more consistent with the subjectively perceived whiteness of porcelain. The nature of the porcelain whiteness change was revealed by the color coordinates in the CIEL*a*b* colorimetric system: increase / decrease in L* - lightness and shade change from reddish-yellow (+ a*/b*) to greenish-blue (-a*/+b*). It was established that the increase in + a* - redness / b* - yellowness of porcelain is due to the high content of iron oxides in kaolin, and giving porcelain (+a*) a reddish hue due to the high concentration of iron-titanium minerals.
For citation: Platova R.A., Platov Yu.T. Porcelain color control // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 82 – 85.
KEY WORD:
clay, alkali, binder, thermal activation, zeolites
ABSTRACT:
The development and expansion of the resource base in accordance with the increasing environmental and technical requirements for materials consumed in significant volumes determine the sustainable development of resource and energy-intensive materials and technologies. The results of numerous studies of recent years have shown the suitability of thermally activated clays of various chemical and mineralogical composition for obtaining alkali-activated cements and zeolites. This work presents the results of studies of the possibility of alkaline activation of 2 types of clays with a montmorillonite / chlorite content of 7.26% and a kaolinite / montmorillonite content of 23.14%. It was found that the activation of clays, thermally activated at a temperature of 700 ° C with a 6 molar solution of NaOH, leads to the formation of a synthetic stone with a compressive strength of up to 5 MPa, containing as the main reaction products N-(A)-S-H hydrogel and Na2Al2Si2,5O9.6,2H2O. zeolite.
For citation: Rakhimova N.R Obtaining zeolite-containing materials based on thermoactivated clays // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 85 – 90.
clay, alkali, binder, thermal activation, zeolites
ABSTRACT:
The development and expansion of the resource base in accordance with the increasing environmental and technical requirements for materials consumed in significant volumes determine the sustainable development of resource and energy-intensive materials and technologies. The results of numerous studies of recent years have shown the suitability of thermally activated clays of various chemical and mineralogical composition for obtaining alkali-activated cements and zeolites. This work presents the results of studies of the possibility of alkaline activation of 2 types of clays with a montmorillonite / chlorite content of 7.26% and a kaolinite / montmorillonite content of 23.14%. It was found that the activation of clays, thermally activated at a temperature of 700 ° C with a 6 molar solution of NaOH, leads to the formation of a synthetic stone with a compressive strength of up to 5 MPa, containing as the main reaction products N-(A)-S-H hydrogel and Na2Al2Si2,5O9.6,2H2O. zeolite.
For citation: Rakhimova N.R Obtaining zeolite-containing materials based on thermoactivated clays // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 85 – 90.
KEY WORD:
isobaric-isothermal potential, heat capacity, thermodynamic analysis, differential thermal analysis, crystallization, calcium aluminoferrites, calcium sulfoaluminoferrites.
ABSTRACT:
The article provides an experimental and theoretical assessment of the formation processes of alumoferrites and calcium sulfoaluminoferrites. A theoretical study of the synthesis processes showed the impossibility of obtaining calcium sulfoaluminoferrites of solid phase synthesis. On the basis of the experimental determination of the change in heat content and the calculation of the isobaric-isothermal potential of the reactions of formation of alumoferrites and calcium sulfoaluminoferrites of compositions С6AхFр-х и С6AхFр-хSу (р = 3; х = 1; 1,5; 2; 2,25), the possibility of crystallization of sulfoaluminoferrites from a sulfated melt has been established.
For citation: Samchenko S.V., Krivoborodov Yu.R., Kudryashov N.I. Experimental and Theoretical estimation of the formation processes of alumoferrites and calcium sulphoalumoferrites // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 90 – 94.
isobaric-isothermal potential, heat capacity, thermodynamic analysis, differential thermal analysis, crystallization, calcium aluminoferrites, calcium sulfoaluminoferrites.
ABSTRACT:
The article provides an experimental and theoretical assessment of the formation processes of alumoferrites and calcium sulfoaluminoferrites. A theoretical study of the synthesis processes showed the impossibility of obtaining calcium sulfoaluminoferrites of solid phase synthesis. On the basis of the experimental determination of the change in heat content and the calculation of the isobaric-isothermal potential of the reactions of formation of alumoferrites and calcium sulfoaluminoferrites of compositions С6AхFр-х и С6AхFр-хSу (р = 3; х = 1; 1,5; 2; 2,25), the possibility of crystallization of sulfoaluminoferrites from a sulfated melt has been established.
For citation: Samchenko S.V., Krivoborodov Yu.R., Kudryashov N.I. Experimental and Theoretical estimation of the formation processes of alumoferrites and calcium sulphoalumoferrites // Technique and technology of silicates. – 2020.Vol. 27, No3. – Pp. 90 – 94.